Hepatitis B, sometimes called hep B or HBV, is a virus that causes damage to your liver. It can be chronic, which means you could have it your whole life. There is a safe and effective vaccine to protect you against hep B.

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Hepatitis C, sometimes called hep C or HCV, is a virus that causes damage to your liver. It can be chronic, which means you could have it your whole life if you don’t get cured.

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Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined as the accumulation of liver fat (steatosis) in the absence of causes such as alcohol, medications and genetic conditions.

Causes of rectal bleeding include hemorrhoids, anal fissure, proctitis, Crohn's disease, diverticulosis, ulcerative colitis, rectal ulcer, rectal prolapse, ischaemic colitis, angiodysplasia, rectal trauma, anal cancer, colon cancer, proctitis from radiation therapy, and others.

Acid reflux occurs when the sphincter muscle at the lower end of your oesophagus relaxes at the wrong time, allowing stomach acid to back up into your oesophagus. This can cause heartburn and other signs and symptoms. Frequent or constant reflux can lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD).

Many people get diarrhoea a few times a year. It normally lasts 2 to 3 days. Some people get it more often. It could be because they have irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or other conditions.

Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.

Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disease where the immune system reacts abnormally to gluten. For people with coeliac disease, even small amounts of gluten can damage the lining of the small intestine (bowel), which prevents the proper absorption of food nutrients.

The most common causes of constipation include a change in routine, not enough fibre in the daily diet, not enough fluids and lack of exercise. See your doctor for diagnosis and treatment.

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Medical conditions that may increase intestinal gas, bloating or gas pain include the following: Chronic intestinal disease. Excess gas is often a symptom of chronic intestinal conditions, such as diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.

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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a condition characterised by abdominal pain and altered bowel habit without abnormalities on radiological, endoscopic or laboratory investigation.

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Management of iron deficiency is a common clinical problem faced by both gastroenterologists and general practitioners and may signal the presence of unsuspected digestive disease.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD comprises a group of diseases that affect the gastrointestinal tract.

Ulcerative colitis occurs when the lining of your large intestine (also called the colon), rectum, or both becomes inflamed.

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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes inflammation of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhoea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition. Inflammation caused by Crohn's disease can involve different areas of the digestive tract in different people.

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Barrett's oesophagus is a condition characterised by partial replacement of the normal squamous epithelium of the lower oesophagus by a metaplastic columnar epithelium containing goblet cells (intestinal metaplasia).

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