In my conversation with expert headache and movement disorder specialist Dr. Michael Eller from Richmond Neurology, I was keen to delve deeper into the realm of chronic primary headaches—specifically, migraine and cluster types. The evolving understanding of the pathophysiology of these headaches and the developing treatment approaches, focusing on inhibiting the neurotransmitter called Calcitonin gene-related peptide, is fascinating. This peptide is inhibited by the 5-HT1D and 1B receptor agonist effect of the triptans, as well as by a new family of CGRP-targeting drugs and monoclonal antibodies developed for the preventive treatment of migraine.

The World Health Organisation estimates that between 2030 and 2050, climate change is anticipated to result in approximately 250,000 additional deaths annually. These fatalities may arise from issues such as malnutrition, and heat stress, as well as diseases like malaria and infectious diarrhea. The impact of a planet warming at a recorded rate of 0.08 degrees centigrade per decade since 1880, accelerating to 0.18 degrees centigrade since 1981, poses threats to human lives and health across multiple dimensions. It's important to note that this statement does not delve into the detrimental potential such warming has on other species. Factors crucial to human survival—such as clean air, safe drinking water, a nutritious food supply, and secure shelter—are all imperilled in a world grappling with climate change. In this podcast, my intention was not to focus on the specific science of global warming and subsequent climate change, but rather on the associated health consequences.

Radiation oncology occupies a very important place in cancer therapy as an essential member of the multidisciplinary approach to cancer treatment . Of the near 146 000 Australians diagnosed with cancer each year is estimated that about half would benefit from radiation therapy as part of their overall cancer treatment.

Radiation therapy is a highly cost-effective cancer therapy contributing only about 10% of each healthcare dollar spent on treating cancer overall yet vital in about 40% or cancers that are cured. The technology employs ionising radiation that causes the ejection of an orbital electron which is the molecular event leading to damage and eventually cell death. The radiation used may be either electromagnetic in nature using photons or gamma rays or particulate- directing a stream of electrons, protons or other atomic particles to the target and causing DNA damage to both normal tissue and tumour cells. Cells are most susceptible in the G1 and G2 phases which represent growth and preparation for mitosis as well as the mitosis phase referred to as the M phase. Additionally, hypoxic cells are thought to be less susceptible to radiation than well-oxygenated cells as free radicals formed by ionising radiation are more easily repaired in the absence of oxygen.

Radiation oncology occupies a very important place in cancer therapy as an essential member of the multidisciplinary approach to cancer treatment . Of the near 146 000 Australians diagnosed with cancer each year is estimated that about half would benefit from radiation therapy as part of their overall cancer treatment.

In the September 25-26 edition of the weekend Australian magazine, I was drawn to a very interesting feature article reviewing the book Hippocrasy co-written by Professor Rachelle Buchbinder who is a rheumatologist as well as director of the Monash Cabrini Department of musculoskeletal health and clinical epidemiology at Cabrini Hospital and Professor of clinical epidemiology at Monash University with Ian Harris who is an orthopaedic surgeon at Liverpool St George and Sutherland hospitals and Professor of Orthopaedic surgery at the University of New South Wales Sydney and Honorary Professor at University of Sydney. The article was confronting in that it raised concerns that many of the medical procedures and treatments we are engaged with as clinicians may not help patients and that over diagnosis and the “medicalisation of normal” may be leading to a medical system failure.

The field of regenerative medicine is likely to significantly change how we practice medicine in the future with some amazing capabilities -harnessing the power of stem cells to restore form and function of damaged tissue. The potential of regenerative medicine has already being recognised in the areas of immunotherapy and bone marrow transplantation however the future is likely to see many further shining examples of its promise ,application and capability. Consider the possibility of injecting cardiac stem cells into the surrounding viable ventricular myocardium adjacent to an acute myocardial infarction providing functioning myocardial cells to restore cardiac output or indeed replacing a damaged organ such as a cirrhotic liver allowing restored hepatic synthetic function.

The Doctors, nurses, paramedics and hospital staff working at remote locations must be capable of dealing with a wide range of medical, surgical, obstetric, paediatric and psychiatric conditions that may present as emergencies. Where support help such as tertiary transfer may be hours or days away it takes a special team to come together to manage such difficulties. It was a great pleasure to interview Etienne Cawood who has spent the majority of his medical career working in rural and remote locations throughout the length and breadth of Australia and we him great debt gratitude for his services.

The journey from the VCE student to University and medical studies is highly competitive and never easy and for those undertaking a postgraduate degree in medicine, the graduate medical school admissions test-GAMSAT-designed to assess the capacity to undertake high-level intellectual studies in the medical and health professional programmes provides yet a further hurdle. Dr Nick Shearer completed his postgraduate medical studies at Deakin University before choosing and being accepted as an intern at the Northern Hospital Epping. In his dream of becoming a doctor he was immediately thrust into the incredible difficulty of not only managing the brutal responsibilities of internship but even more the harsh reality of coping with the COVID-19 pandemic at the very interface between disease and treatment in a hospital tasked with frontline COVID-19 responsibilities. Donning personal protective equipment for the entire year and honing his communication skills with often frustrated and frightened patients and their relatives Nick has become a shining example of how good our medical personnel and profession can function and be in a time of deep crisis.For his insights please welcome Dr Nick Shearer to the conversation.

In this three-part series we will explore common haematological abnormalities including anaemia, polycythaemia, the basis for neutropenia, neutrophilia, lymphopenia and lymphocytosis as well as thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis.

In this three-part series we will explore common haematological abnormalities including anaemia, polycythaemia, the basis for neutropenia, neutrophilia, lymphopenia and lymphocytosis as well as thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis.

In this three-part series we will explore common haematological abnormalities including anaemia, polycythaemia, the basis for neutropenia, neutrophilia, lymphopenia and lymphocytosis as well as thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis.

Venous thrombosis affects more than 30,000 Australians each year and is responsible for over 5000 deaths per annum, this is more than the number of Australians who die from motor vehicle accidents annually. VTE is the third leading cause of death amongst hospitalised patients and patients admitted to hospital are at least 100 times more likely of developing a clot compared to being active in the community-a risk that may be assessed by the modified Wells criteria.

The Guillain Barre syndrome is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy and although relatively rare (0.4-2 per 100,000) it is still the most common cause of acute flaccid neuromuscular paralysis worldwide. It famously affected Joseph Heller author of Catch-22 and more recently AFL football Legend Alexander Clarkson. It is an immune-mediated disorder that affects the peripheral nervous system and is another example of molecular mimicry, occurring 1 to 6 weeks after a respiratory infection, Campylobacter enterocolitis, and rarely after trauma or surgery. In 1 in a million cases, GB may develop after the influenza vaccine.

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder most commonly observed in women under the age of 40 years and in men over the age of 60 years where antibodies form against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction (85% of cases), muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK 7-10%) or low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP 4-5%)-the MuSK 7 and LRP4 are both important to the health of the neuromuscular junction. MG results in muscle fatigue especially of the eyes, facial muscles and bulbar muscles.

To discuss these two interesting conditions we are joined by associate Professor Ernie Butler who is the founder of Frankston neurology group and has major clinical expertise in the management of both acute and chronic neurological conditions, please join me in this conversation with Ernie.

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the brain and spinal cord resulting in CNS demyelination affecting 2.8 million people worldwide and 23,000 Australians. There are about 1000 new cases diagnosed in Australia each year and the accumulation of disability can be devastating with an estimated 50 to 80% of patients ceasing full-time work within 10 years. The condition is 3 times more common in women and is most often seen between the ages of 20 and 40 years. The damage in multiple sclerosis is caused by a type IV hypersensitivity reaction and may reflect molecular mimicry with activated T cells crossing the blood-brain barrier and attacking CNS myelin which is produced by oligodendrocytes (myelin in the peripheral nervous system is made by Schwann cells).

Neuroendocrine tumours represent neoplasms of the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) which is our body’s largest endocrine organ comprised of the fascinating amine precursor uptake and decarboxylase (APUD) cell series first described in the 1960s by British scientist A.G.E Pearse. These cells can produce numerous peptides and bioactive amines. Influenced by both the endocrine and nervous systems as well as by the chemistry in their local environment, neuroendocrine cells play a vital role in intracellular signalling and ensure the integrated functioning of many organs and systems within the human body working in both paracrine and endocrine fashion. The signalling molecules produced by the diffuse neuroendocrine system represent a universal chemical language, a vital contributor to the regulation of homeostasis. Cells of the DNES are found throughout the body and are present in almost every organ with well-known examples in the lining of the Gi tract, the lungs, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, brain, adrenal glands etc…

Neuroendocrine tumours represent neoplasms of the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) which is our body’s largest endocrine organ comprised of the fascinating amine precursor uptake and decarboxylase (APUD) cell series first described in the 1960s by British scientist A.G.E Pearse. These cells can produce numerous peptides and bioactive amines. Influenced by both the endocrine and nervous systems as well as by the chemistry in their local environment, neuroendocrine cells play a vital role in intracellular signalling and ensure the integrated functioning of many organs and systems within the human body working in both paracrine and endocrine fashion. The signalling molecules produced by the diffuse neuroendocrine system represent a universal chemical language, a vital contributor to the regulation of homeostasis. Cells of the DNES are found throughout the body and are present in almost every organ with well-known examples in the lining of the Gi tract, the lungs, pancreas, thymus, thyroid, brain, adrenal glands etc…

As case numbers and deaths continue to climb from Covid-19 infection and its many variants, two antiviral drugs have entered the market and are now available on the Australian PBS with specific prescription criteria to be met. So, what are they and what do they do?

Lymphoma is a clonal neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid cells (B cells, T cells and NK cells) and is the sixth most common malignancy reported in this country which makes it the most common hematologic malignancy with over 5000 cases diagnosed each year in Australia putting lifetime risk at 1 in 50.

Lymphoma is a clonal neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid cells (B cells, T cells and NK cells) and is the sixth most common malignancy reported in this country which makes it the most common hematologic malignancy with over 5000 cases diagnosed each year in Australia putting lifetime risk at 1 in 50.

There are over 70 different types of lymphoma which are divided into 2 main groups: Hodgkin's lymphoma accounts for 10% of cases and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma accounts for 90% of cases.

Hodgkin's lymphoma named after Thomas Hodgkin (1832) is more common in men, and tends to occur at a younger age than non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with a bimodal age distribution but the average age at diagnosis of 39 years and involves lymph nodes frequently on just one side of the body usually above the diaphragm. The tumour cell is referred to as the Reed Sternberg cell which is a bi or multi-nucleated B cell comprising characteristically just 1% of the lymphoma mass. Just to make this nomenclature interesting there is classic Hodgkins which make up about 95 % of cases and of which nodular sclerosing comprises about 70 % and mixed cellularity 20-25 % and non-classic Hodgkins is characterised by nodular lymphocytic predominant pathology.

In May this year, new cases of the rare infection-Monkey Pox - typically limited to Africa, began spreading within Europe and North America.

More than 780 cases have now been reported across 15 countries with Australia recently reporting 8 cases.

Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease, a member of the same family of viruses as smallpox and typically is spread through close physical contact with skin lesions, body fluids, respiratory droplets, and contaminated materials such as bedding and is much less infectious than respiratory illnesses such as Covid 19. Transmission of Monkey pox virus by respiratory droplets would normally require prolonged face-to-face contact, so the apparent rapid spread of the virus may signal a shift in its behaviour and some scientists have questioned if the virus may have mutated to become more transmissible. Two strains have been identified.